Life Safety Systems

May 19, 2023 by

This blog post will discuss how to incorporate some Life Safety Systems knowledge into your exam preparation.

So…how is your exam prep coming along?

“When it’s time to die, let us not discover that we have never lived.”
~ Henry David Thoreau

Even though a weekend may be at hand, don’t let up on preparing for the exam. There will be plenty of weekends after you become a Licensed Professional Engineer.

However, do yourself a favor…

Take some time – and in the weeks to come – to decide for yourself what truly makes you happy. What will you be proud of at the end of your life? What will you regret not having done? Make a list of all the things you want to:

  • Be: What kind kind of person – friend, parent, neighbor, engineer – do you want to be? How do you want to be remembered? What legacy do you want to leave?
  • Do: What adventures do you want to have? Do you want to travel? Sky-dive? Scuba-dive? Save the rain forests? Feed the hungry? What would make you “feel alive?”
  • Have: What material things do you want? A bigger house? A sports car? A boat? Abundant resources to help the needy? These things can be “trophies” or “toys.” Or they can be resources to benefit others.

Give yourself this time to decide in advance what you want to accomplish in your life. What does success look like to you? Don’t get to the end of your life only to “discover that you never lived.”

Now for the Life Safety System information…

The Uniform Building Code and the Life Safety Code – NFPA 101 – are the two primary resources we will focus on in this post. Keep in mind that the National Electrical Code, NFPA 13, and other Codes and Standards contain Life Safety information.

Life Safety SystemsAction Items:

  1. Get a copy of the International Building Code®. Tag or make copies of sections that relate to Life Safety Systems. At a very minimum:
    • Special Detailed Requirements Based on Use and Occupancy (Chapter 4)
    • Types of Construction (Chapter 6)
    • Fire and Smoke Protection Features (Chapter 7)
    • Fire Protection Systems (Chapter 9)
    • Means of Egress (Chapter 10)
  2. Get a copy of NFPA 101 – The Life Safety Code®. Tag or make copies of sections that address issues like:
    • Generators
    • Batteries
    • Exit Lighting
    • Fire Alarms
  3. Look through NFPA 13 for items directly related to Life Safety Systems

Add a section in your Test-Prep Resource Library©* for Life Safety Systems. Put these items – and others you discover as you prepare – in this section.

*NOTE: As per the NCEES Examinees Guide, books, notes, notebooks, etc. are no longer permitted in the testing room. This does not diminish the importance of a Test-Prep Resource Library© as a method of study and preparation. Taking the time to assemble a resource library will naturally help you categorize and document your study materials, help you determine what’s essential to pass the exam, and keep all your resources in one easy-to-access tool.

Life Safety Systems

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Building Envelope Analysis

May 19, 2023 by

Building Envelope Analysis

Today’s topic is Building Envelope Analysis, but before we start …

“In life you need either inspiration or desperation.”

~ Tony Robbins

Webster’s dictionary defines INSPIRATION as “something that makes someone want to do something or that gives someone an idea about what to do or create; a force or influence that inspires someone.”

DESPERATION is defined as “a strong feeling of sadness, fear, and loss of hope.”

You are at a point in your career where you have:

  1. Been supported, encouraged, mentored, and positively influenced – INSPIRATION, or
  2. Been left to fend for yourself, learning to be an engineer on your own – DESPERATION

Although in any endeavor, there is a certain amount of learning-by-experience and trial-by-fire, the best way for someone to realize and reach their full potential is to have a mentor. Better yet, have more than one mentor who teaches, guides, and encourages.

Unfortunately, the sad truth is that most engineers who run their own business, or who ascend to a position of leadership in an already established firm, learned what they know on their own. Either they didn’t have positive, knowledgeable, and encouraging role models, or they arrogantly shunned available support and are now passing these traits on to the next generation of engineers.

However, there are alternatives.

EngineeringDesignResources.com‘s goal is to help, inform, encourage, and support those working in building design and construction. Our sole purpose and passion is to be the “something that makes someone want to do something or that gives someone an idea about what to do or create” through information, resources, and community. Take what you need from these posts, ask for help when you need it, and then, we can then pass that knowledge and INSPIRATION on to others.

BUILDING ENVELOPE ANALYSIS

As a building designer, one of your charges is to design and specify heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems for buildings. These systems can be as simple as ventilation fans for air movement or indoor air quality up to highly specialized air treatment systems. In addition, you may be required to provide input into the building design, especially when it comes to building materials.

Both of these functions require knowledge and mastery of Building Envelope Analysis. By learning these skills, you make yourself a valuable part of the whole Design Team. You will gain the respect of Architects, Owners, and Contractors as well as other Building Design professionals.

For your Test-Prep Resource Library©*, you want to find and include the following Building Envelope Analysis information – density, conductivity, conductance, and resistance or U-values – for:

Building Materials

Load Calculations for Building Envelope Analysis:

  • For roofs, walls, and glass conduction: q = U x area x CLTD
  • For glass solar: q = area x SC x SHGF x CLF
  • Conductivity = k in BTU per (hour)(square foot)(temperature difference)
  • Conductance = C in BTU per (hour)(square foot)(temperature difference)
  • Resistance (R) = 1/k or 1/C in (hour)(square foot)(temperature difference) per BTU
  • U-value = 1/R in BTU per (hour)(square foot)(temperature difference)
  • Available from ASHRAE or search online:
    • Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) tables
    • Shading Coefficients (SC) tables
    • Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGF) tables
    • Cooling Load Factor (CLF) tables
  • Weather Data

NOTE: As per the NCEES Examinees Guide, books, notes, notebooks, etc. are no longer permitted in the testing room. This does not diminish the importance of a Test-Prep Resource Library© as a method of study and preparation. Taking the time to assemble your own library will naturally help you categorize and document your study materials, help you determine what’s essential to pass the exam, and keep all your resources in one easy to access tool.

In conclusion, using this Building Envelope Analysis information and a few quick calculations, you can be a driving force in the overall building design and system selections – building skin, structural, and HVAC. Set up a model on a laptop computer or tablet prior to a design meeting in order to quickly change and modify building dimensions, directions, and materials. You will assist the Design Team and Owner in making decisions, and you have made yourself a valuable part of the Project Team.

Building Envelope Analysis

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Architectural Engineering PE Exam

May 19, 2023 by

The Architectural Engineering PE Exam tests proficiencies in Building Systems Integration, Electrical Systems, Mechanical Systems, Structural Systems, and Project Management & Construction Administration. The Architectural Engineering PE Exam is tailored specifically for engineers whose primary business focus is building design, commissioning, project management or other construction related engineering.

Architectural Engineering PE Exam

The exam consists of 80 questions – 40 in the morning and 40 in the afternoon. You will have four hours in each session with a one hour lunch break. Take the time during the lunch break to review what you can remember from the morning including the format of the test, content being covered and your general, overall “feeling” for how you performed in the first half. You can then make adjustments to your game plan, review material that appears to be dominating the exam and give yourself time to relax. Also, it’s a good time to eat something.

Building Systems Integration makes up approximately 17% of the exam. Topics include:

  • Building Vibration, Noise, Lighting, and Climate Control
  • Analysis of Building Construction
  • Energy Efficiency
  • Applicable Standards and Codes
  • Americans with Disabilities (ADA) Requirements

Electrical Systems make up approximately 25% of the exam. Topics include:

  • Electrical Systems, Short Circuit, and Grounding Analysis
  • Power Distribution
  • Voltage Drop and Lighting Calculations
  • Fire Alarm
  • Applicable Standards and Codes

Mechanical Systems make up approximately 25% of the exam. Topics include:

  • HVAC
    • Fan and Pump Laws
    • Psychrometrics
    • HVAC System Analysis
  • Plumbing
    • Domestic Water, Sanitary Waste, and Vent Systems
    • Fire Protection Systems

Structural Systems make up approximately 25% of the exam. Topics include:

  • Types of Construction
  • Structural Components
  • Loads – Gravity, Lateral, Temperature, Settlement, Construction
  • Analysis of Frames, Structures, Stability, and Deflection
  • Foundations

Project Management and Construction Administration makes up approximately 8% of the exam. Topics include:

  • Requests for Information, Change Orders, Architectural Supplemental Instructions, etc.
  • Submittal and Alternate Process
  • Design and Construction Scheduling
  • Construction Administration
  • Contracts

The pass rates for the Architectural Engineering PE Exam (as of 2019 data) are 72% for first time test takers and 48% for repeat test takers. This pass rate can increase with proper preparation and the use of relevant “Test Day” reference materials.

Architectural Engineering PE Exam Study Guide

To help increase the pass rate, a comprehensive Study Guide for the exam is available to help engineers taking this exam. The Study Guide includes sample questions with solutions, commentary on the various topics, a Test Day Resource List, recommendations for study, a list of formulas, and a list of useful websites.

Architectural Engineering PE Exam

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PE Exam – Let’s Get Started

May 19, 2023 by

Ready for the PE Exam – let’s get started! Do you remember the first time you tried something new? Whether it was skydiving or scuba-diving, a new sport or a new instrument, learning to drive or learning to fly, those first few “steps” can seem huge. Most times, all we need to do is take a deep breath, put one foot in front of the other, and begin moving.

Put one foot in front of the other and move.

© kevron2001 www.fotosearch.com

Put one foot in front of the other and begin moving.

Apply these same steps to just about any endeavor. Take, for instance, preparing for the PE Exam. Hopefully, by now you’ve made the decision to take the PE Exam and have registered with NCEES.org. Where most people find themselves at this stage is … “The exam is two months away; I’ve got plenty of time to prepare … I’ll start later.” Before you know it, one month is gone, then another week, and another. Now you’re in panic-mode. There’s not enough time to properly prepare, so you try to cram as much as possible into the little time remaining, and you spend the next few weeks agonizing over the daunting task.

If you’re taking the Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, or Structural PE Exam, you’ll only have to carry this burden around for six months, until the next exam. However, if you’re taking the Architectural PE Exam, you get to suffer for twelve full months … one whole year. Don’t be this person. Take these next two months seriously. Put in the work. Do the hard things necessary to pass the PE Exam, and remember this by Walt Disney…

“The way to get started is to quit talking and begin doing.”

So … let’s get started.

This post – and a few others – primarily pertain to the Architectural Engineering PE Exam, but the information presented is applicable to any exam.

These first two topics are to get the test-taker to consider building systems – Architectural, Civil, Structural, Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing – as a whole – and how each one affects the others:

  1. Aspects of building performance that affect human comfort (e.g., vibration, noise, lighting, climate control) and,
  2. Impact of one system on another (e.g., lighting load on air-conditioning system capacity)

For example, how do vibrations transmitted from HVAC equipment to the structure impact the overall acoustics of a space or entire building?

  • Does the Mechanical Engineer treat the cause with additional isolation devices to limit the transmission?
  • Does the Structural Engineer use heavier – or more – steel to counteract the impact?
  • Does the Architect and Acoustics Engineer provide additional sound dampening?

How do each of these affect the occupants?

Vibrations can be annoying and interfere with productivity.

Sound dampening can alter the intended “feel” of the space.

Noise can undermine speech and affect attention.

Everything we do as designers has the capacity to impact something else, so we must be aware of our efforts as well as the efforts of others.

To successfully navigate this portion of the exam, we recommend gathering information – articles, charts, graphs, examples, etc. – that relates to these types of impact.

Gather information on:

  • Vibration
  • Noise
  • Lighting
  • Climate Control
  • Insulation Types & Characteristics
  • Day-Lighting
  • Windows
  • Building Materials

In addition, gather information on:

  • How does the lighting load affect the air-conditioning load?
  • Does the HVAC load affect the overall electrical load and service size?
  • What effect do the MEP systems have on the Structural systems?
  • Do the combined systems affect the final architectural design?
Test-Prep Resource Library

In future posts, we will provide some beneficial resources and websites that you can include in your Test-Prep Resource Library©*. For now, do some digging on your own and see what you can find. Be curious, always ask why or why not, and never merely take someone else’s opinion for your own. This part of the exam has a certain element of subjectivity, and it’s not always “written in stone.” In your quest, you might find a new insight or twist on a long-held belief that makes you question your stance on the issue. That is not a bad thing. Tony Robbins, a life and business strategist, says, “It is in your moments of decision that your destiny is shaped.”

*Note: As per the NCEES Examinees Guide, books, notes, notebooks, etc. are no longer permitted in the testing room. This does not diminish the importance of a Test-Prep Resource Library© as a method of study and preparation. Taking the time to assemble your own library will naturally help you categorize and document your study materials, help you determine what’s essential to pass the exam, and keep all your resources in one easy to access tool.

So, are you ready for the PE Exam – let’s get started!

PE Exam – Let’s Get Started

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PE Exam Success – The 10 Best Ways To Be Prepared

May 19, 2023 by

PE Exam Success – The 10 Best Ways To Be Prepared explains the top methods to dramatically increase your odds for success on the PE Exam.

PE Exam Success Results Vary Primarily Due To The Use Of Effective Exam Preparation Methods …

Or Not!

PE Exam Success

Prepare Smarter Not Harder!

As you are preparing to take an engineering PE exam, it will help to keep these in mind:

1 – Build A Solid Test-Prep Resource Library©*

*NOTE: As per the NCEES Examinees Guide, books, notes, notebooks, etc. are no longer permitted in the testing room. This does not diminish the importance of a Test-Prep Resource Library© as a method of study and preparation. Taking the time to assemble a resource library will naturally help you categorize and document your study materials, help you determine what’s essential to pass the exam, and keep all your resources in one easy-to-access tool.

This one is a must-do. Of all the other nine PE Exam Success – The 10 Best Ways To Be Prepared ideas listed here, this one, in our opinion, is by far the most important.

If you will take the time to:

  • Collect all the relevant information pertaining to each of the topics shown for your particular test, including:
    • Example PE Exam Problems with Solutions
    • Equations
    • Commentary
    • Charts and Tables
  • Assemble the information into binders.
  • Devise some method of retrieval to locate information quickly.
  • Spend a portion of your allotted study time to review and fine-tune your reference binders.

…your odds of successfully passing the PE Exam will dramatically increase.

The Study Guides found at EngineeringDesignResources.com are full of example problems, equations, commentary, and ideas for your Test-Prep Resource Library©

2 -Know the Codes

Depending on which PE Exam you are taking, it would be well worth your time to spend time reading through and becoming very familiar with the Code – or Codes – that are primary to your industry, such as:

  • Mechanical Engineering – The International Mechanical Code, The International Energy Efficiency Code, and The International Plumbing Code
  • Electrical Engineering – The National Electrical Code and The Life Safety Code – NFPA 101
  • Civil Engineering – The International Building Code
  • Structural Engineering – The International Building Code
  • Architectural Engineering – The International Codes – Building, Mechanical, Energy Efficiency, and Plumbing – and The National Electrical Code
3 – Know The Format

Most of the PE Exams are 80 multiple choice questions taken over an eight hour period – 40 questions in the four-hour morning session and 40 questions in the four-hour afternoon session.

That means 480 minutes to read the questions, understand what’s being asked, find the applicable resource, work the problem, and mark the answer on the test page – the Scantron.

That’s only SIX minutes per question.

This may seem like a lot of time … but it’s not.

Use some of your preparation time practicing answering questions at the rate of one every six minutes. This will help you gauge your pace for test day.

4 – Plan Your Study Time

Whether you have 12 months, 12 weeks, or 12 days – hopefully not 12 days – you can plan your time wisely to maximize the benefits of your study effort. Most likely, you have a job, maybe a family, other commitments, and probably some interests that take time. Sit down with the test outline for your particular PE Exam – found at NCEES.ORG – and plan out how to cover all the material you need to review in the amount of time available.

Refer back to ideas #1, #2, and #3 above.

Work through the process systematically, and you will be successful.

5 – Use The Right Tools

What tools does your industry use to make design easier?

  • Psychrometric Charts
  • Bending Stress Tables
  • Equations

PE Exam Success - The 10 Best Ways To Be Prepared

Whatever these tools are, make sure you have them on hand in your Test-Prep Resource Library© and be able to use them quickly. The last place to learn to use a tool is when you need it – under pressure.

Also, log onto NCEES.ORG for information on what’s allowed into the testing centers and what calculators are acceptable.

6 – Take Sample Tests

Ways to find sample PE Exams:

  • Search the internet
  • Search Amazon.com
  • Search your industry’s applicable websites – i.e. for Civil Engineering go to www.asce.org.

If you need assistance locating any resources, Contact Us.

7 – Work To Your Strengths

As with everything in life, we perform better and are more successful when we are doing those things we have already mastered. Only little gains will be realized trying to learn something new and gain proficiency while under the pressures of a deadline – test day.

As such, take the time to figure out what you know very well. Spend the majority of your time on these subjects. Polish your expertise, gain new insights, practice your skills. This hyper-focus on strengths will give you the confidence you need on Test Day to knock out a good portion of the questions.

8 – Get Help On Your Weaker Topics

For those topics that aren’t as engrained as you’d like, use some of your preparation time getting help from someone who is an expert. There are plenty of people who are willing and eager to help you attain your PE. Look for mentors in:

  • Your current company
  • Companies with which you previously worked
  • Local professional societies
  • National professional societies
  • Local schools, colleges, and universities
  • Online
9 – Exploit The Odds

Most of the PE Exams – with the exception of the Structural Depth exams – are 80 multiple choice questions, taken over an eight hour period. To pass the exam and receive your PE License, you need to correctly answer 70% of the questions.

That’s only 56 right answers – so weigh the odds in your favor!

Take the Electrical PE Exam as an example:

  1. You have a lot of experience in:
    • General Power Engineering – Measurement and Instrumentation (7.5% or six questions)
    • General Power Engineering – Special Applications (10% or eight questions)
    • Circuit Analysis – Devices and Power Electronic Circuits (9% or seven questions)
    • Rotating Machines and Electromagnetic Devices – Rotating Machines (12.5% or ten questions)
  2. Get tutoring in:
    • Transmission and Distribution – System Analysis (12.5% or ten questions)
    • Transmission and Distribution – Protection (10% or eight questions)
  3. Spend enough time reading through and learning the codes:
    • General Power Engineering – Codes and Standards (12.5% or ten questions)

That totals 59 correct answers – more than enough to pass the PE Exam.

10 – Eat Well And Get Plenty Of Rest

This one is really a no-brainer, but it never hurts to hear it again. Take the time to adjust your diet leading up to the PE Exam. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, poultry, fish, nuts, and lean protein. Drink lots of water – at least 1/2 ounce for every pound. So if you weigh 185 pounds that’s 93 ounces of water per day (12 x 8oz glasses).

Bonus – Prepare for Test Day in Advance

Lastly, begin to assemble all of your test-day resources well in advance of the PE Exam. You will probably want to pack:

  • Healthy snacks
  • Drinks – like water
  • Clothing or jackets that can be taken on or off quickly and quietly
  • Extra money
  • Any forms or documents that may be required at the testing facility
  • Directions to the testing facility
  • Hotel reservations, if needed
  • Your Test-Prep Resource Library©

If you will begin putting these things together in advance, then you won’t have to worry about them the night before the PE Exam.

You can find useful and effective study materials to help you prepare for your PE Exam at:

PE Exam Study Guides

PE Exam Success – The 10 Best Ways To Be Prepared

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EngineeringDesignResources.com prohibits the use or reproduction of this material by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. This includes photocopying, recording, taping, or by any information storage retrieval system.

Due to the dynamic nature of the Internet, web addresses or links in these materials may have changed.

Any resemblance in the images in this material to actual people or locations is merely coincidental. EngineeringDesignResources.com prohibits reprinting, copying, changing, reproducing, publishing, uploading, posting, transmitting, or using in any other manner images in this material.

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Professional Engineering Exam

May 18, 2023 by

Professional Engineering Exam

The Professional Engineering Exam is the final step a graduate engineer must take in order to sign and seal engineered drawings and perform, or supervise others performing, engineering calculations.

The Professional Engineering Exam is administered twice  per year, in April and October. Each eight-hour test day is divided into a four-hour morning session, a lunch break, and a four-hour afternoon session. Each session consists of 40 multiple choice questions that will measure the engineer’s grasp and understanding of the subject matter.

Professional Engineering Exams are available in the following disciplines:

  • Agricultural
  • Architectural
  • Chemical
  • Civil:
    • Construction
    • Geotechnical
    • Structural
    • Transportation
    • Water Resources and Environmental
  • Control Systems
  • Electrical and Computer:
    • Computer Engineering
    • Electrical and Electronics
    • Power
  • Environmental
  • Fire Protection
  • Industrial and Systems
  • Mechanical:
    • HVAC and Refrigeration
    • Mechanical Systems and Materials
    • Thermal and Fluids Systems
  • Metallurgical and Materials
  • Mining and Mineral Processing
  • Naval Architecture and Marine
  • Nuclear
  • Petroleum
  • Software
  • Structural

Resources to prepare for the examinations are available in the form of books, CDs, online classes, classes at local universities, etc. Refer to the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) for additional study resources and to get specific test information and areas of concentration for each discipline.  You may also find study resources at your discipline’s professional society.

PE Exam Pass Rates

According to data from NCEES, the most current pass rates for the Professional Engineering Exam are:

Improving PE Exam Pass Rates

You can greatly improve your odds of success passing a Professional Engineering Exam by:

  1. Being thoroughly prepared with organized, structured study
  2. Working as many example problems as possible
  3. Utilizing an adequate Test-Prep Resource Library©*

*NOTE: As per the NCEES Examinees Guide, books, notes, notebooks, etc. are no longer permitted in the testing room. This does not diminish the importance of a Test-Prep Resource Library© as a method of study and preparation. Taking the time to assemble a resource library will naturally help you categorize and document your study materials, help you determine what’s essential to pass the exam, and keep all your resources in one easy-to-access tool.

Professional Engineering Exam

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EngineeringDesignResources.com prohibits the use or reproduction of this material by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. This includes photocopying, recording, taping, or by any information storage retrieval system.

Due to the dynamic nature of the Internet, web addresses or links in these materials may have changed.

Any resemblance in the images in this material to actual people or locations is merely coincidental. EngineeringDesignResources.com prohibits reprinting, copying, changing, reproducing, publishing, uploading, posting, transmitting, or using in any other manner images in this material.

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