Building Codes

History of Building Codes

Building Codes date back to approximately 1772 BC, when the Babylonian emperor, Hammurabi, enacted Building Codesthe Code of Hammurabi. Incidentally, here are those codes – or laws – that pertain to construction:

  • 228 – If a builder builds a house for someone and completes it, he shall give him a fee of two shekels in money for each sar (approximately 36 m2 or 388 ft2) of surface.
  • 229 – If a builder builds a house for someone, and does not construct it properly, and the house falls in and kills its owner, then that builder shall be put to death.
  • 230 – If it kills the son of the owner, the son of that builder shall be put to death.
  • 231 – If it kills a slave of the owner, then he shall pay, slave for slave, to the owner of the house.
  • 232 – If it ruins goods, he shall make compensation for those goods, and inasmuch as he did not construct properly this house which he built and it fell, he shall re-erect the house from his own means.
  • 233 – If a builder builds a house for someone, even though it is not yet complete; if then the walls seem toppling, the builder must make the walls solid from his own means.

Steps in Unifying the Codes

In the early 1700’s AD, George Washington and Thomas Jefferson pushed for the development of Building Codes to provide minimum building standards for the health and safety of citizens. Then, in the early 1900’s, Insurance Companies, in an effort to reduce property loss claims from improper construction, lobbied for further development of codes.

The Building Officials and Code Administration (BOCA) was established in 1915 and developed the BOCA National Building Code (BOCA/NBC). Primarily, this code was used and enforced in the Northeastern United States. The International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO), established in 1927, developed the Uniform Building Code (UBC), primarily used in the Midwest and Western United States. Finally, in 1940, the Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI) was established, and it developed the Standard Building Code (SBC), which was primarily used in the Southern United States.

Where are the Codes Today

In 1994, representatives from BOCA, ICBO, and SBCCI began the process of developing a comprehensive code to use nationally. The First Edition of the IBC (from 1997), updates every three years.

The current International Code Council codes are:

  • Building Codes
    • International Building Code
    • International Existing Building Code
    • International Green Construction Code
    • International Zoning Code
  • Mechanical/HVAC Codes
    • International Mechanical Code
    • International Energy Conservation Code
  • Plumbing Building Codes
    • International Plumbing Code
    • International Private Sewage Disposal Code
    • International Fuel Gas Code
  • Fire Building Codes
    • International Fire Code
  • Residential Building Codes
    • International Residential Code
  • Other Codes
    • ICC Performance Code for Buildings and Facilities
    • International Property Maintenance Code
    • International Swimming Pool and Spa Code
    • International Wildland Urban Interface Code

Additionally, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) publishes a number of Codes and Standards including:

    • National Electrical Code® – NFPA 70
    • Health Care Facilities Code – NFPA 99
    • Life Safety Code® – NFPA 101
    • Building Construction and Safety Code – NFPA 5000

Building Codes

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Project Management Cost Estimate Worksheet

Project Management Cost Estimate WorksheetProject Management Cost Estimate Worksheet calculates project fee which, in most cases, is the driving force behind every design and construction project.

Project fee determines what the building looks like – size, shape, structure, building materials, air conditioning and heating systems, lighting, landscaping, etc., how much time the design professionals can devote to the project, how many design professionals will need to be allocated to the project and for how long, how much time and how many trips the design team can make to the project site, and ultimately, how much profit each participant is going to realize at the end of the project.

In determining the project fee that the design professionals should charge involves many factors. Some of the more identifiable, specific information needed is:

  • Scope of the project
  • Time duration for the design
  • Size of the project
  • Building systems
  • Overall construction budget
  • Project Management Cost Estimate Worksheet
  • Acquiring additional training or equipment before or during design

Additionally, account for issues that can sometimes be sensitive in nature, such as:

  • Past relationships with the Architect of Record, Owner, or Contractor
  • Ease of working with other consultants and building officials in the jurisdiction of the project
  • Experience and abilities of in-house design professionals
  • Potential for designing the project at a reduced fee for some future benefit such as good-will, additional projects, or publicity

There are numerous ways to arrive at a project fee that will satisfy most of the above stated issues. By utilizing the Project Management Cost Estimate Worksheet, a more consistent and accurate fee can be estimated.

CONSULTANT FEE AS PERCENTAGE OF CONSTRUCTION BUDGET

If the overall construction budget established by the owner is known and if the Project Manager can determine baseline percentages for the different parts of the design and construction process, then a fee can be determined as follows:

Various Methods for an MEP Consulting Engineer
1 – Percent of General Construction
  • Total General Construction Estimate = $50,000,000
  • 25% of Total General Construction = MEP Portion of the Construction = $12,500,000
  • MEP Design Fee:
    • as Percentage of the MEP Construction (4%):
      • Design Fee = $12,500,000 x 4% = $500,000
    • as Percentage of General Construction (25% x 4% = 1%):
      • Design Fee = $50,000,000 x 1% = $500,000
2 – Percent of Architect’s Fee
  • Total General Construction Estimate = $50,000,000
  • 10% of Total General Construction – Architect’s Fee = $5,000,000
  • MEP Design Fee:
    • as Percentage of Architect’s Fee (10%):
      • Design Fee = $5,000,000 x 10% = $500,000
3 – Total Staff Requirements by MEP Consultant
  • Staff Costs (Salary Plus Overhead)
    • Principal: $150 per hour
    • Project Manager: $120 per hour
    • Senior Engineer: $100 per hour
    • Design Engineer: $75 per hour
    • CADD: $50 per hour
    • Administrative: $40 per hour
  • Project Requires the Following Time Commitments:
    • Principal: 30 hours
    • Project Manager: 350 hours
    • 3 Project Engineers: 250 hours each
    • 3 Design Engineers: 750 hours each
    • 2 CADD: 1,500 hours each
    • Administrative: 250 hours
  • The staff costs would total $450,250
  • Assuming a 10% profit, the total MEP fee for this project would be $500,278 (or $450,250 ⁄ 0.9).

Project Management is a complex, hands-on, task specific occupation that requires both the science of managing numbers and budgets, as well as the art of managing people and project vision.

A tool the Project Manager can utilize to standardize and automate the fee estimation part of the job is the Project Management Cost Estimate Worksheet. Manipulate this worksheet to change costs, percentages, pay rates, profits, markups, and project scope. It also contains a worksheet to estimate the amount of time required by the design staff on a drawing-by-drawing basis if that is customary to you or your firm.


Project Management Cost Estimate Worksheet

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Copyright©  All Rights Reserved

EngineeringDesignResources.com prohibits the use or reproduction of this material by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. This includes photocopying, recording, taping, or by any information storage retrieval system.

Due to the dynamic nature of the Internet, web addresses or links in these materials may have changed.

Any resemblance in the images in this material to actual people or locations is merely coincidental. EngineeringDesignResources.com prohibits reprinting, copying, changing, reproducing, publishing, uploading, posting, transmitting, or using in any other manner images in this material.